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彩神大发2023-01-31 16:05

彩神大发

最强寒潮来袭,一键get防寒保暖知识!******

  今年入冬以来,最强寒潮天气来袭。

  27日寒潮天气已在西北地区“露头”,新疆北部和西部、内蒙古西部、甘肃中西部等地出现大风降温天气,有23个台站的最大风速突破或达到历史极值,部分地区降温幅度达12℃至20℃。

  28至30日,我国大部分地区气温继续断崖式下跌,部分地区降温可达18℃以上。

最强寒潮来袭,一键get防寒保暖知识!

图源:中央气象台

  “这次寒潮过程最显著的特点就是降温剧烈,全国大部气温将会由前期明显偏高转为明显偏低。”中央气象台首席预报员张芳华说。

  寒潮是什么?

  寒潮是指来自高纬度地区的寒冷空气,在特定的天气形势下迅速加强并向中低纬度地区侵入,造成沿途地区剧烈降温、大风和雨雪天气。这种冷空气南侵达到一定标准的就称为寒潮。寒潮是一种大范围的天气过程,在全国各地都可能发生,可以引发霜冻、冻害等多种自然灾害。

图源:摄图网

  中华人民共和国国家标准《冷空气等级》(GB/T20484 -2006)中寒潮的定义是:某一地区冷空气过境后,气温24h内下降8℃以上,且最低气温下降到4℃以下;或48h内气温下降10℃以上,且最低气温下降到4℃以下;或72h内气温连续下降12℃以上,并且最低气温在4℃以下。

  寒潮多发生在秋末、冬季和初春时节。统计显示,近三十年,也就是从1991年至2020年,我国平均每年发生寒潮5.4次,其中两到三次为全国性寒潮。1991年以来,寒潮出现次数最多的年份是2021年,共11次;出现寒潮次数最少的是2017年,仅有2次。

  寒潮来袭、气温骤降,容易导致哪些疾病?

  心脑血管疾病。突然降温,会刺激人体交感神经兴奋,造成血管收缩、血液循环的外周阻力增加、血压升高、心肌耗氧量增多,引起血压飙升和心肌缺血加重,最终导致脑出血和心绞痛发作。天气寒冷还会使血液变得黏稠、流速减缓,导致血栓形成,最终造成脑血管堵塞或心肌梗塞。

  脑卒中(中风)。脑卒中发病率与季节有明显的联系,一般认为冬季最高,尤其是在温度骤降时。气温骤降,昼夜温差悬殊,低气压、高湿度,易使得血压骤然上升,卒中意外也接踵而至。

  呼吸道传染病。寒冷常伴随干燥、湿度低,容易使病原微生物悬浮于空气中,增加了病原微生物与人的接触机会;寒冷的空气会降低呼吸道的免疫功能,抑制免疫细胞活性,减少气道纤毛功能。

  骨折。气温低,肌肉和韧带柔韧性较差,对关节的保护力度减弱。道路冰冻很容易使人失去平衡而摔倒,稍有不慎就会造成关节损伤及骨折。尤其是老年人和绝经后女性,多伴有骨质疏松或骨量减少,相较年轻人更容易摔倒,也更容易骨折。

最强寒潮来袭,一键get防寒保暖知识!

  如何防寒保暖,降低患病可能性

  各位小伙伴儿们!世界上没有“金钟罩”“铁布衫”,请亲爱的你们,尤其是老人、小孩以及患有呼吸道疾病、心血管疾病等慢性病的患者,降温期间做好个人防护,提高自身抵抗力。

  一定注意保暖!雨雪天外出一定要注意保暖,尤其要保护好头部、手部和脚部,千万别忘了戴帽子、围巾和手套。有心脑血管疾病的人,出行时最好要随身携带速效救心丸、硝酸甘油等急救药物。当出现胸痛、呼吸困难、肢体麻木、活动失灵等症状时,应及时拨打120,以免错过最佳治疗时间。

  注意房间通风。从减少病原菌单位浓度的角度,要定期通风,如在出门或离开房间时,可以视情况打开门窗。如果长时间待在室内,可以交替打开不同房间的门窗。此外,还需增加室内湿度,特别是在开空调时,可使用湿化器,保持室内湿度30-40%之间。

  寒冷天气尽量减少出行。如果有事必须外出,不要穿易滑的塑料底鞋。在室外锻炼时,要尽量避开有水、结冰的路面,要充分进行准备活动,伸展肢体,进行“预热”。

  适量增加摄入产热高的食物。如羊肉、牛肉、鸡肉、红枣等,这些食品中富含蛋白质及脂肪,对于身体虚寒、阳气不足者特别有益。还应多吃柚子、苹果等生津类水果,适量增加辛辣御寒食品,帮助祛寒和增进食欲,促进血液循环,增强御寒能力。

  资料来源:科普北京、中央气象台、中国疾控中心、健康时报、健康杭州

  整理:刘雪洁 蔡琳

中新网评:处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******

  中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称,将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对,企图将核污水“一倒了之”,把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。

资料图:日本福岛第一核电站。

  2011年,福岛核电站事故发生后,大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋,对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害,数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日,作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。

  日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由,在2021年4月13日,正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多,日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。

  日本政府辩称,这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全,甚至“可以喝”,这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。

  事实上,经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质,核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收,长期来看,将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁,最终危害人类健康。

  因此,核污水排海计划推出后,遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示,福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中,约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场,反对该计划。

  日本政府认为,核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案,但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海,核污水会随着洋流流动,其影响势必会跨越国界,危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。

  《韩国经济新闻》发文称,相关研究认为,福岛核污水如果排放入海,约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域,该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。

  德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告,若日本将所有核污水排入海中,不到半年,整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁,包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。

  日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,有义务保护海洋环境。然而,在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上,日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。

  国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估,但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论,并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下,日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设,这是极不负责任的行为。

  太平洋不是日本的下水道,日本必须正视各方合理关切,在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后,制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远,若只顾眼前,执意将核污水排放入海,不仅其自身,周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单,其后果必将会危害数代人。

  Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business

  By John Lee

  (ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.

  Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.

  The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.

  On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.

  The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.

  In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.

  Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.

  The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.

  The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.

  The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.

  According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.

  As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.

  However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.

  Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.

  The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.

  If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.

 

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